Research: editing

Editing...
Editing is one of the most important features within the creation of a film without it you wouldn't be able to enhance the impact of a film and grab the audiences attention through their emotional responses. The editing within a trailer is used  to briefly give the audience an insight on what they will be watching and to set the atmosphere of the film. Editing is responsible for the way the audience feels during and after the film; for example: slow-paced editing may be used within a dramatic scene in order to calm down the atmosphere of the scene for romantic or comical films. However if there is fast editing the audience may feel a sense of thrill, and where there is slow paced editing, the audience may feel empathy or relaxed depending on the scene.



Speed of editing
Films are merged together at specific points depending on what the directors outcome, this then determines the pace the film will travel at and also helps determine the mood/atmosphere of that particular scene. The speed of the editing informs the audience of what kind of editing there is for example, fast pace editing determines the atmosphere which could be a chase scene and slow and slow paced editing could be a victim who has just been killed.

Fade to black
This is when one slide/shot moves into another one leaving a black filter in between both shots as they merge together. The ending scene of the film Insidious we see the woman standing looking at the camera as she has discovered something, then her husband touches her on her shoulder and she turns around and screams. At this point the screen then fades to black by doing this it creates suspense among the audience as they feel a need to know what happens to the wife next.
 

 

Straight Cut
straight cut is when one shot moves into another without confusing the audience at all. This is used to help the audience follow the narrative easily. Also it prevents confusion as it is a subtle and simple change; this makes it easy to follow. When using straight cuts within a scene, it helps the audience to feel as though the film is real instead of thinking that the characters are all actors and the film is make believe.





 

 

 

Wipe Cut

This is when two separate shots collide by sliding into one another. When a wipe cut is used within a scene it can have many effects on the audience, for example they may feel that they are reading a comic as such, or they may get detached from the film; however the normal reaction is that the last scene leads on to another so the audience may feel that the scene they see after the wipe cut is leading on from the last.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dissolve

This is when one shot disintegrates into another. This creates a smooth change between the two scenes without confusing the audience. When this is used within a scene the audience may feel as though it is showing where the character is at a different time of the day, for example in the scene below we see a character walking and then it dissolves and the character is seen walking up to a desk, from this the audience feel as though it is just cutting out the long walking scene showing him getting to the destination.

 

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=I1bUEztCT0c

 

 

 

 

 Reaction shotsAny shot which uses a cutaway to move from the main scene in order to make the persons reactions to a previous shot the main subject. Reaction shots allow the audience to see how a person reacts to something using their facial expressions or body language, without reaction shots a persons reaction towards something wouldn't be as effective. in this scene we see the man open the curtain and she turns around and screams and camera cut to her mouth of her screaming to show the audience her reafction has changed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Montagea Montage is the speed of editing, the shots edited out are juxtaposed together to create excitement. This is usually featured within a trailer. When the audience see a montage, they get a sense of thrill and tension, however all these images/ scenes shown in a montage it doesn't confuse the audience.

 





 

 

 

 

180 Degree RuleWhen a scene is filmed on either the left or the right side of a character(s) conversation. The camera cannot be placed on both sides as it would look as if the two people were facing the same direction which would confuse the audience. In this scene of Batman the Dark Knight we see the camera circling all three characters in the scene in order to follow the 180 degree rule without confusing the audience at all so we know where they are standing. Also by doing this in the scene it signifies the relationship between the three as if they were one.

 

 

 

 

Shot reverse shotA shot reverse shot this is used when a conversation is taking place- one shot follows another very quickly, from this we are able to see the facial expressions of each character. This stops the audience from getting confused and they understand where each character stands within the conversation.

 

 

 

 

Jump CutA jump cut is a camera movement that is easily noticeable to the eye.  In this film, where it famous for its jump cuts, the main character has the ability to jump almost to anywhere he pleases; however it isn't done by physically jumping high and landing, it is that the person is able to visualize himself being somewhere and then physically end up there in a matter of seconds. Jump cuts can be used to tell the audience that two scenes link together in some way.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 





Research: sound

Sound

 Sounds are used in a film to allow the audience to have a better understanding of the scene as it  can normally  adapts of a scene. In thriller films they are used to help an understanding in the audience towards whats going on also they're used to represent the characters feelings and emotions to have an impact on the audience or even to get a certain response from the audience. Sounds can even be used symbolize both the protagonists and the antagonists movements or feelings in a scene. 

types of sound...

There are many different sound techniques that directors use within a scene, examples of these would be on- screen/ off-screen sounds etc.

Diegetic Sound

 Sound, which is part of the film world, for example; the dialogue within the film, music from a radio jukebox.  The sound heard doesn't have to be on screen as it could be laughter heard from a scene with people playing on a beach which is known as off screen sound, whether we see the person laughing or not we still hear it and allows the audience to understand what is going on in the scene clearer; as it is based upon realistic sounds it makes the scene a lot more intriguing for the audience to watch. In addition Diegetic sounds can cause the audience to emphasize with the scene and the characters within it due to the audience being able to understand the scene. in this scene when he walks into the bar we know that hes in a bar because the music begins to play.

Non-Diegetic Sound

 sound, when the sound is part of the film and visible on screen as it could be a soundtrack, sound effect or voice over etc. These sounds are edited in after the film is created. Furthermore these sounds such as voice-overs can also be used to emphasis important parts or key meanings in a thriller film. Also it helps to create a suspense filled feeling as the audience are then able to determine what will happen next in the scene e.g. someone is going to die etc. 

On Screen Sound
 On screen sounds are able to be seen by the audience for example someone and the audience being able to actually see the that person. On screen sounds help the audience to understand what is happening in the scene easier as they know exactly where the sound is coming from and why they are making that specific sound also on screen sounds allow the audience to feel a sense of understanding for example when he's talking to the man the camera switches to him and when the dog comes in the camera switches to it as it start growling.









 

 

 

 Off screen sound 
 Off screen sounds are sounds that can be heard but not seen by the audience, E.g. someone talking on the phone and not seeing the other person speak on the other side. Off screen sounds can also be used within a thriller film in order to build suspense and tension e.g creaking floor boards or twigs snapping in a forest etc. It  allows the audience to empathize with the atmosphere and mood of the scenes containing off screen sounds.

 

Parallel Sound

  Parallel sounds is  sounds that is expected to be heard by the audience for example if we see a window break the audience will expect to hear a crack or smash; similar to the setting being in a car, we expect to hear horns cars smashing, police sirens ans cars swerving. Parallel sounds are conventional because the audience expect to hear some kind of parallel sound in any film they watch. This creates a sense of realism within a film as the audience understand what is going on in the film and it helps to build and create a humanized atmosphere.

Contrapuntal Sound

 A contrapuntal sound is when the sound heard does not match the on-screen performance for example in the film "Jaws" the scenes of the beach are accompanied by the contrapuntal theme song "dum dum dum", this sound does not match with the scene which can confuse the audience but  builds up tension and suspense  at the same time  as they get disconnected from the film so they are not able to interpret what will happen next but because of the pace of the sound, the fact that it get faster and faster it shows a problem is about to occur. Contrapuntal sounds help a lot when it comes to building suspense within a scene making it unpredictable for the audience.

Research: cinematography

cinematography

Cinematography is looking at the way the shot is framed, the angle it is taken in and the movement of the camera in a film, all these things give the audience different representations of the characters and allow the audience to respond in different.

Camera shot sizes...

• Establishing long shot

Gotham city

An establishing shot can be taken from as much as a quarter of a mile away, and is generally used as a scene-setting, establishing shot. It normally shows an exterior, e.g. the outside of a building, or a landscape, and is often used to show scenes of thrilling action e.g. in a war film or disaster movie. There will be very little detail visible in the shot, as it is meant to give a general impression rather than specific information. It is also normally used at the beginning of a new scene or movie to show that for scene-setting before showing character or other important elements.

• Extreme long shot
  
  
  

An extreme long shot is similar to an establishing because it’s not exactly supposed to capture as much detail, it’s also used for scene setting or for war, action scenes etc. this could be used at any point in a scene but mainly in the beginning to show everything that’s or to even capture large element like the over sized elephants above. An extreme long shot may involve some movement however some may be still such as showing an army standing completely still but in this picture the blur shows their movement.

• Long shot

A long shot typically shows the entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings. It has been suggested that long-shot ranges usually correspond to approximately what would be the distance between the front row of the audience and the stage in live theater  In this shot it has a full view of the main element, the girl and also her surrounding, the bed and other objects in her bedroom such as the table and the lamp in the background. The long shot show how her face is facing a complete different way to body giving the audience a complete different reaction instead of having a close up on the girls’ scary face which wouldn't be as scary.

• Medium shot

This here is a medium shot because it has some detail of the background or the environment and it captures the characters body. This approximation of how you would see someone especially because of the fact that you are having a conversation face to face you will not have to pay attention towards the lower part of the body. The medium shot captures some detail of the background you know where they are for example you know that they're in rural conditions here in an arctic forest so you would know the location if there is no establishing shot at the beginning of the scene to show the location.

• Medium close up
  
  
  

A medium close up shot is usually a shot of half of someone’s body. It is usually used to shown in a scene where it’s best to show body or facial expression or even to show some detail of action. The detail in the background is minimal because at the beginning of the scene there should been an establishing shot; the audience know where they are so the medium close up will then be brought in to show dialogue and the detail of the character.

• Close up

A close up shot is usually a close up of an element or someone’s face almost as a portrait but to capture possibly a reaction or someone doing something. It takes up most of the frame cutting out the background so the location is remained anonymous. It emphasis on someone’s reaction. A film-maker may use this to make us feel extra comfortable or extremely uncomfortable about a character.

• panning shot 

Film makers and video cameras pan by turning horizontally on a vertical axis, but the effect may be enhanced by adding other techniques, such as rails to move the whole camera platform for example to follow a car or someone running. Slow panning is also combined with zooming in or out on a single subject, leaving the subject in the same portion of the frame, to emphasize or de-emphasize the subject respectively.

At 0:17 there is the panning shot where it show the bus for about 2 seconds to show that its moving and it also emphases the speed its moving as it basically show that its too fast for a still shot so the camera must pan in order to get a longer view of the bus.

• tilt shot

The tilt shot is similar to the pan shot, but the tilt shot moves vertically instead of horizontally. Tilt shots are often used to show the vertical significance of something. For example, imagine being at the bottom of a building and then tilting the camera upwards to capture the entire building structure (which obviously can’t fit in one frame).

From 0:12 to 0:15 the tilt shot appears as the man is looking for the girl he once looked after and the waiter points out where the long lost orphan is so we the camera shot slowly reveals her from head to toe giving the audience a more surprised reaction that she is now a stripper.

• crane shot

A crane shot is usually a camera on a crane or a jib. the obvious are to view actors from above or to move up and away from them which can be a common way of ending a scene or movie. The crane shot would normally give the audience a wide perspective of the character.

In this video the crane shot is shown at the end of the scene at 2:26 just after he kills the girl. the crane shot was used here because t makes us feel distanced from the character as he's just killed her it shows that the scene is coming to an end.

• zoom shot

zoom shot also known as a boom shot, the visual appearance for the viewer is that either the background suddenly grows in size and detail and overwhelms the foreground, or the foreground becomes immense and dominates its previous setting, depending on which way the zoom is executed

At 0:27 the camera immediately zooms into the teachers face also known as a reaction shot. This shows the audience that a problem has occurred because the zoom shot show that the persons reaction has changed and it also emphasis the person reaction so its clear to the audience.

• point of view

A point of view shot also known as POV shot or a subjective camera is a short film scene that shows what a character the subject is looking at (represented through the camera). It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the character's reaction . 

In various points in this scene spider man is learning to jump buildings so hes then looking around whats in front of of him. the point of view shot is only used to show exactly what hes looking which relates to what happening or going to happen in the scene making the audience feel engaged with whats going on.

• hand held shot

a hand held shot is a camera mounted handheld the result of a hand held shot is often more shakier unless its placed on a tripod a steady cam which does not count as handheld is similar but creates more smoother shots

The movie clover field is recognized for it brilliant handheld creative shots where it follows characters and also creates a real life scene because we are so used to seeing steady cams in  movies constantly we are aware of how much a hand held camera can make an audience feel as if they're there and to actually feel the tension.